Patterns of organizing and administering trade include:
- State control - trade centrally controlled by government planning.
- Laws regulating Trade and establishing a framework such as trade law, tariffs, support for intellectual property, opposition to dumping.
- Guild control - trade controlled by private business associations holding either de facto or government-granted power to exclude new entrants.
- In contemporary times, the language has evolved to business and professional organizations, often controlled by academia. For example in many states, a person may not practice the professions of engineering, law, law enforcement, medicine, and teaching unless they have a college degree and, in some cases, a license.
- Free enterprise - trade without significant central controls; market participants engage in trade based on their own individual assessments of risk and reward, and may enter or exit a given market relatively unimpeded.
- Infrastructure in support of trade, such as banking, stock market,
- Technology in support of trade such as electronic commerce, vending machines.
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